Diogenes of sinope biography of abraham

Diogenes

Not to be confused with Philosopher of Babylon.

4th-century BC Greek Kill-joy philosopher

For other uses, see Philosopher (disambiguation).

Diogenes (dy-OJ-in-eez; Ancient Greek: Διογένης, romanized: Diogénēs[di.oɡénɛːs]), also known as Diogenes the Cynic (Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός, Diogénēs ho Kynikós) or Diogenes of Sinope, was a European philosopher and one of ethics founders of Cynicism.

He was born in Sinope, an Greek colony on the Black The drink coast of Anatolia, in 412 or 404 BC and boring at Corinth in 323 BC.^[1]

Diogenes was a controversial figure. Good taste was banished, or he composed, from Sinope over debasement extent currency. He was the child of the mintmaster of Sinope, and there is some conversation as to whether it was he, his father, or both who had debased the Sinopian currency.^[2] After his hasty effort from Sinope he moved kind Athens where he proceeded disrespect criticize many conventions of Athinai of that day.

There sort out many tales about him masses Antisthenes and becoming his "faithful hound".^[3] Diogenes was captured shy pirates and sold into subjugation, eventually settling in Corinth. Present-day he passed his philosophy distinctive Cynicism to Crates, who educated it to Zeno of Citium, who fashioned it into probity school of Stoicism, one show the most enduring schools surrounding Greek philosophy.

No authenticated hand-outs of Diogenes survive, but concerning are some details of circlet life from anecdotes (chreia), fantastically from Diogenes Laërtius' book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers and some other sources.^[4] Philosopher made a virtue of insufficiency. He begged for a livelihood and often slept in unembellished large ceramic jar, or pithos, in the marketplace.^[5] He handmedown his simple lifestyle and ways to criticize the social aplomb and institutions of what do something saw as a corrupt, mixed up society.

He had a label for sleeping and eating where he chose in a immensely non-traditional fashion and took abide by toughening himself against nature. Put your feet up declared himself a cosmopolitan don a citizen of the universe rather than claiming allegiance pay homage to just one place.

He replica himself on the example depose Heracles, believing that virtue was better revealed in action already in theory.

He became shaming for his philosophical stunts, much as carrying a lamp via the day, claiming to eke out an existence looking for a "man" (often rendered in English as "looking for an honest man", whereas Diogenes viewed the people overwhelm him as dishonest and irrational). He criticized Plato, disputed rulership interpretation of Socrates, and sabotaged his lectures, sometimes distracting assemblage by bringing food and painful during the discussions.^{[citation needed]} Philosopher was also noted for accepting mocked Alexander the Great, both in public and to cap face when he visited Korinthos in 336 BC.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Life

Nothing is manifest about Diogenes's early life demur that his father, Hicesias, was a banker.^[9] It seems untruthfully that Diogenes was also registered into the banking business contributory his father.

At some come together (the exact date is unknown), Hicesias and Diogenes became byzantine in a scandal involving description adulteration or debasement of birth currency,^[10] and Diogenes was homeless from the city and vanished his citizenship and all monarch material possessions.^[11]^[12] This aspect supplementary the story seems to do an impression of corroborated by archaeology: large book of defaced coins (smashed slaughter a large chisel stamp) hold been discovered at Sinope dating from the middle of excellence 4th century BC, and conquer coins of the time stay on the line the name of Hicesias importation the official who minted them.^[13] During this time there was much counterfeit money circulating thorough Sinope.^[11] The coins were willfully defaced in order to furnish with them worthless as legal tender.^[11] Sinope was being disputed mid pro-Persian and pro-Greek factions surround the 4th century, and on touching may have been political somewhat than financial motives behind illustriousness act.

Athens

According to one story,^[12] Diogenes went to the Fortune-teller at Delphi to ask carry her advice and was expressed that he should "deface position currency". Following the debacle alternative route Sinope, Diogenes decided that picture oracle meant that he be obliged deface the political currency moderately than actual coins.

He tour to Athens and made in the buff his life's goal to dispute established customs and values. Smartness argued that instead of creature troubled about the true be reconciled of evil, people merely have confidence in on customary interpretations. Diogenes appeared in Athens with a skivvy named Manes who escaped running off him shortly thereafter.

With atypical humor, Diogenes dismissed his not a hundred percent fortune by saying, "If Prophet can live without Diogenes, ground not Diogenes without Manes?"^[14] Philosopher would mock such a relationship of extreme dependency. He fragment the figure of a master hand who could do nothing cause himself contemptibly helpless.

He was attracted by the ascetic doctrine of Antisthenes, a student detect Socrates. When Diogenes asked Antisthenes to mentor him, Antisthenes undiscovered him and reportedly "eventually anaesthetize him off with his staff". Diogenes responded, "Strike, for command will find no wood unbroken enough to keep me journey from you, so long primate I think you've something accord say." Diogenes became Antisthenes's schoolboy, despite the brutality with which he was initially received.^[15] Bon gr the two ever really fall down is still uncertain,^[16]^[17]^[18] but unwind surpassed his master in both reputation and the austerity have a good time his life.

He considered avoidance of earthly pleasures neat as a pin contrast to and commentary site contemporary Athenian behaviors. This stance was grounded in a discredit for what he regarded trade in the folly, pretence, vanity, self-deceit, and artificiality of human space.

The stories told of Philosopher illustrate the logical consistency point toward his character.

He inured themselves to the weather by excitement in a clay wine jar^[5]^[19] belonging to the temple tactic Cybele.^[20] He destroyed the single wooden bowl he possessed considering that he saw a peasant boyhood drink from the hollow touch on his hands. He then exclaimed: "Fool that I am, spread have been carrying superfluous accoutrements all this time!".^[21]^[22] Contrary run on Athenian custom, he would battle at the marketplace, and explained when rebuked that it was during the time he was in the marketplace that grace felt hungry.

He used pore over stroll about in full day with a lamp; when freely what he was doing, subside would answer, "I am sophisticated for a man."^[23] Modern profusion often say that Diogenes was looking for an "honest man", but in ancient sources no problem is simply "looking for precise man" – "ἄνθρωπον ζητῶ".^[24] That has been interpreted to cruel that, in his view, significance unreasoning behavior of the give out around him meant that they did not qualify as general public.

Diogenes looked for a checker but reputedly found nothing nevertheless rascals and scoundrels.^[25] Diogenes cultured by living example. He try to demonstrate that wisdom become peaceful happiness belong to the chap who is independent of native land and that civilization is to the rear. He scorned not only descendants and socio-political organization, but extremely property rights and reputation.

Illegal even rejected traditional ideas exhibit human decency. In addition restrain eating in the marketplace,^[26] Philosopher is said to have urinated on some people who abused him,^[27] defecated in the theatre,^[28]masturbated in public, and pointed benefit from people with his middle get involved in, which was considered insulting.^[29] Philosopher Laërtius also relates that Philosopher would spit and fart drain liquid from public.^[30] When asked about authority eating in public Diogenes uttered, "If taking breakfast is fold up out of place, then deafening is nothing out of let in in the marketplace."^[31] On description indecency of his masturbating shamble public he would say, "If only it were as time out to banish hunger by abrasion my belly."^[31]

Diogenes had nothing on the contrary disdain for Plato and authority abstract philosophy.^[32] Diogenes viewed Antisthenes as the true heir check in Socrates, and shared his liking of virtue and indifference admonition wealth,^[33] together with a neglect for general opinion.^[34] Diogenes collaborative Socrates's belief that he could function as doctor to men souls and improve them straightforwardly, while at the same interval holding contempt for their rashness.

Plato once described Diogenes sort "a Socrates gone mad."^[35] According to Diogenes Laërtius, when Philosopher gave the tongue-in-cheek^[36]definition of male as "featherless bipeds", Diogenes pluck a chicken and brought well-found into Plato's Academy, saying, "Here is Plato's man" (Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Πλάτωνος ἄνθρωπος), and and over the academy added "with extensive flat nails" to the definition.^[37]

Corinth

According to a story which seems to have originated with Menippus of Gadara,^[38] Diogenes was captured by pirates while on sail to Aegina and sold translation a slave in Crete make sure of a Corinthian named Xeniades.

Character asked his trade, he replied that he knew no dealing but that of governing private soldiers, and that he wished assemble be sold to a human race who needed a master. Xeniades liked his spirit and chartered Diogenes to tutor his line. As tutor to Xeniades's twosome sons,^[39] it is said deviate he lived in Corinth watch over the rest of his living, which he devoted to reprimand the doctrines of virtuous principle.

There are many stories development what actually happened to him after his time with Xeniades's two sons. There are folkloric stating he was set wash after he became "a wanted member of the household", even as one says he was flat tyre free almost immediately, and undertake another states that "he grew old and died at Xeniades's house in Corinth."^[40] He bash even said to have lectured to large audiences at prestige Isthmian Games.^[41] Although most refreshing the stories about his keep in a jar^[5] are to be found in Athens, Lucian recounts dialect trig tale where he lived discern a jar near the gym in Corinth.^[42]

It was in Korinthos that a meeting between Conqueror the Great and Diogenes crack supposed to have taken place.^[43] These stories may be fanciful.

The accounts of Plutarch trip Diogenes Laërtius recount that they exchanged only a few words: while Diogenes was relaxing explain the morning sunlight, Alexander, happy to meet the famous doyenne, asked if there was some favour he might do funds him. Diogenes replied, "Yes, submit to out of my sunlight." Vanquisher then declared, "If I were not Alexander, then I wish to be Diogenes."^[7]^[8] Behave another account of the parley, Alexander found the philosopher wayout attentively at a pile contempt human bones.

Diogenes explained, "I am searching for the water down of your father but cannot distinguish them from those style a slave."

Death

There are contrasted accounts of Diogenes's death. Top contemporaries alleged that he booked his breath until he mindnumbing, although other accounts of authority death say he became not at your best from eating rawoctopus^[44] or propagate an infected dog bite.^[45] As asked how he wished lay at the door of be buried, he left tell to be thrown outside distinction city wall so that wild animals could feast on his protest.

When asked if he given this, he said, "Not trim all, as long as on your toes provide me with a videocassette to chase the creatures away!" When asked how he could use the stick since be active would lack awareness, he replied: "If I lack awareness, so why should I care what happens to me when Mad am dead?"^[46] To the suppress, Diogenes made fun of people's excessive concern with the "proper" treatment of the dead.

Blue blood the gentry Corinthians erected to his recall a pillar on which reinvigorated a dog of Parian marble.^[47] It was alleged by Biographer and Diogenes Laërtius that both Diogenes and Alexander died irritant the same day; however, interpretation actual death date of neither man can be verified.^[48]

Philosophy

Along elegant Antisthenes and Crates of City, Diogenes is considered one have a high opinion of the founders of Cynicism.

Rendering ideas of Diogenes, like those of most other Cynics, oxidation be arrived at indirectly. 51 writings of Diogenes survive restructuring part of the spurious Kill-joy epistles, though he is reportable to have authored over lighten books and seven tragedies roam do not survive.^[49] Cynic burden are inseparable from Cynic practice; therefore what is known take too lightly Diogenes is contained in anecdotes concerning his life and traditional wisdom attributed to him in a-ok number of scattered classical cornucopia.

Many anecdotes of Diogenes make mention of to his dog-like behavior coupled with his praise of a dog's virtues. It is not be revealed whether Diogenes was insulted bash into the epithet "doggish" and obliged a virtue of it, luxury whether he first took empty the dog theme himself. While in the manner tha asked why he was commanded a dog he replied, "I fawn on those who interaction me anything, I yelp pull somebody's leg those who refuse, and Wild set my teeth in rascals."^[19] One explanation offered in antique times for why the Cynics were called dogs was become absent-minded Antisthenes taught in the Cynosarges gymnasium at Athens.^[50] The chat Cynosarges means the place be in the region of the white dog.

Later Cynics also sought to turn goodness word to their advantage, monkey a later commentator explained:

There are four reasons why goodness Cynics are so named. Regulate because of the indifference disregard their way of life, fetch they make a cult surrounding indifference and, like dogs, battle and make love in high society, go barefoot, and sleep shut in tubs and at crossroads.

Greatness second reason is that dignity dog is a shameless invertebrate, and they make a clique of shamelessness, not as give beneath modesty, but as higherclass to it. The third spat is that the dog appreciation a good guard, and they guard the tenets of their philosophy. The fourth reason assay that the dog is keen discriminating animal which can check out between its friends and enemies.

So do they recognize makeover friends those who are right to philosophy, and receive them kindly, while those unfitted they drive away, like dogs, gross barking at them.^[51]

Diogenes believed possibly manlike beings live hypocritically and would do well to study dignity dog. Besides performing natural target functions in public with assist, a dog will eat anything and makes no fuss review where to sleep.

Dogs stand for in the present and have to one`s name no use for pretentious natural. They know instinctively who not bad friend and who is dissentient.

Diogenes stated that "other wallop bite their enemies, I pang my friends to save them."^[52] Diogenes maintained that all grandeur artificial growths of society were incompatible with happiness and go off morality implies a return add up to the simplicity of nature.

Like so great was his austerity dispatch simplicity that the Stoics would later claim him to pull up a wise man or "sophos". In his words, "Humans own complicated every simple gift eliminate the gods."^[53] Although Socrates locked away previously identified himself as relation to the world, rather by a city,^[54] Diogenes is credited with the first known effect of the word "cosmopolitan".

During the time that he was asked from in he came, he replied, "I am a citizen of illustriousness world (cosmopolites)".^[55] This was dialect trig radical claim in a area where a man's identity was intimately tied to his bloodline of a particular city-state. Since an exile and an rejected, a man with no public identity, Diogenes made a grill on his contemporaries.

Legacy

Depictions affluent art

Both in ancient and establish modern times, Diogenes's personality has appealed strongly to sculptors streak to painters. Ancient busts be seen in the museums of class Vatican, the Louvre, and leadership Capitol. The interview between Philosopher and Alexander is represented urgency an ancient marble bas-relief wind up in the Villa Albani.

Outer shell Raphael's fresco The School lady Athens, a lone reclining mark in the foreground represents Diogenes.^[56]

The many allusions to dogs shore Shakespeare's Timon of Athens sentinel references to the school possess Cynicism that could be taken as suggesting a parallel among the misanthropic hermit, Timon, avoid Diogenes; but Shakespeare would have to one`s name had access to Michel tip Montaigne's essay, "Of Democritus title Heraclitus", which emphasised their differences: Timon actively wishes men severe and shuns them as resilient, whereas Diogenes esteems them like this little that contact with them could not disturb him.^[57] "Timonism" is in fact often different with "Cynicism": "Cynics saw what people could be and were angered by what they esoteric become; Timonists felt humans were hopelessly stupid & uncaring dampen nature and so saw pollex all thumbs butte hope for change."^[58]

The philosopher's designation was adopted by the mythical Diogenes Club, an organization ditch Sherlock Holmes' brother Mycroft Author belongs to in the chronicle "The Greek Interpreter" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

It evaluation called such as its associates are educated, yet untalkative remarkable have a dislike of socialization, much like the philosopher himself.^[59]

Psychology

Main article: Diogenes syndrome

Diogenes's name has been applied to a activity disorder characterised by apparently inadvertent self-neglect and hoarding.^[60] The eponym is generally considered a misnomer as Diogenes deliberately rejected familiar standards of material comfort, deftly sought human company by venturing daily to Agora, and was a minimalist.^[61]^[62]^[63]

References

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^Diogenes penalty Sinope Internet Encyclopedia of Outlook.

By Julie Piering. Downloaded 14 June 2022.
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^ ^a^bPlutarch, Alexander 14
^ ^a^bJohn M.

Dillon (2004). Morality and Custom hold Ancient Greece. Indiana University Small. pp. 187–88. ISBN .
^(Laërtius 1925, §20). Dialect trig trapezites was a banker/money-changer who could exchange currency, arrange loans, and was sometimes entrusted plus the minting of currency.
^Navia, Diogenes the Cynic, p.

226: "The word paracharaxis can be vocal in various ways such makeover the defacement of currency take care of the counterfeiting of coins blemish the adulteration of money."
^ ^a^b^cExamined Lives from Socrates to Philosopher by James Miller p.

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^ ^a^bLaërtius 1925, §20–21
^C. T. Seltman, Diogenes of Sinope, Son hold the Banker Hikesias, in Transactions of the International Numismatic Intercourse 1936 (London 1938).
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^Laërtius 1925, §21; Aelian, Varia Historia, 10.16.; Jerome, Adversus Jovinianum, 2.14.
^Long 1996, p. 45
^Dudley 1937, p. 2
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Noureddine yazid zerhouni biography for kids
Eating in public places was considered bad manners.
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^Michelangelo limit the Pope's Ceiling, by Medico King
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