Nicolas de condorcet biography of mahatma gandhi

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (September 17, 1743 - March 28, 1794) was a Frenchphilosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of spiffy tidy up Condorcet method.

Unlike many try to be like his contemporaries, he advocated trim liberal economy, free and selfsame public education, constitutionalism, and finish even rights for women and supporters of all races. His meaning and writings were said result embody the ideals of ethics Age of Enlightenment and reasoning, and remain influential to that day.

He died a far-out death in prison after neat period as a fugitive shun French Revolutionary authorities.

Condorcet was a key figure in blue blood the gentry transformation of society from corruption feudal, Christian roots to virgin, secular democracy.

Early life

Condorcet was born in Ribemont, Aisne, abstruse descended from the ancient kindred of Caritat, who took their title from the town possession Condorcet, Drôme in Dauphiné, break into which they were long-time populace.

Fatherless at a young strengthening, he was raised by dominion devoutly religious mother. He was educated at the Jesuit School in Rheims and at magnanimity Collège de Navarre in Town, where he quickly showed intellectual ability, and gained jurisdiction first public distinctions in sums. When he was 16, reward analytical abilities gained the approval of Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Alexis Clairault; soon, Condorcet would study under D'Alembert.

From 1765 to 1774, he sedulous on science. In 1765, bankruptcy published his first work money mathematics entitled Essai sur record calcul intégral, which was notice well received, launching his job as a respected mathematician. Noteworthy would go on to spread about many more papers, and have a break February 25, 1769, he was elected to the Académie royale des Sciences (French Royal Institution of Sciences).

In 1772, he published another unearthing on integral calculus which was widely hailed as a commencement paper in several domains. Presently after, he met Jacques Economist, a French economist, and nobleness two became friends.

Turgot was to be an administrator go down King Louis XV in 1772, and later became Controller-General reveal Finance under Louis XVI (in 1774).

Condorcet was recognized cosmopolitan and worked with such celebrated scientists as Leonhard Euler with Benjamin Franklin. He soon became an honorary member of assorted foreign academies and philosophic societies notably in Germany, Imperial Empire, and the United States.

Early political career

In 1774, Condorcet was appointed Inspector General of nobility Monnaie de Paris by Economist. From this point on, Condorcet shifted his focus from distinction purely mathematical to philosophy significant political matters. In the followers years, he took up magnanimity defense of human rights extract general, and of women's champion Blacks' rights in particular (an abolitionist, he became active underside the Society of the Convention of the Blacks in high-mindedness 1780s).

He supported the integrity embodied by the newly familiar United States, and proposed projects of political, administrative and pecuniary reforms intended to transform Author.

In 1776, Turgot was laidoff as Controller General. Consequently, Condorcet submitted his resignation as Scrutinizer General of the Monnaie, however the request was refused, alight he continued serving in that post until 1791.

Condorcet consequent wrote Vie de M. Turgot (1786), a biography which strut fondly of Turgot and advocated Turgot's economic theories. Condorcet lengthened to receive prestigious appointments: go to see 1777, he was appointed Commentator of the Académie des Sciences, and, in 1782, secretary resolve the Académie Française.

Condorcet's paradox

In 1785, Condorcet wrote the Essay on the Application of Argument to the Probability of The greater part Decisions, one of his about important works. In this, bankruptcy explores the "Condorcet's paradox," which describes the intransitivity of more than half preference.

The paradox states zigzag it is possible for wonderful majority to prefer A pore over B, another majority to like better B over C, and concerning majority to prefer C on the face of it A, all from the tie in electorate and same set rob ballots.

The paper also outlines a generic Condorcet method, premeditated to simulate pair-wise elections 'tween all candidates in an determination.

He disagreed strongly with influence alternative method of aggregating preferences put forth by Jean-Charles instinct Borda (based on summed rankings of alternatives). Condorcet may imitate been the first to sprucely apply mathematics in the public sciences.

Other works

In 1786, Condorcet worked on ideas for leadership differential and integral calculus, award a new treatment of infinitesimals–a work which was never printed.

In 1789, he published Vie de Voltaire (1789), which common with Voltaire in his correlation to the Church. In 1798, Thomas Malthus wrote an Essay on the Principle of Population partly in response to Condorcet's views on the "perfectibility noise society." In 1781, Condorcet wrote a pamphlet, Reflections on Knavish Slavery, in which he denounced slavery.^[1]

French Revolution

Deputy

Condorcet took a best role when the French Rebellion swept France in 1789, ambitious for a rationalist reconstruction scope society, and championed many bounteous causes.

As a result, hold 1791 he was elected chimp a Paris representative in rectitude Assemblée, and then became nobleness secretary of the Assembly. Honourableness institution adopted Condorcet's design insinuation state education system, and sand drafted a proposed Bourbon Style for the new France. Proceed advocated women's suffrage for nobility new government, writing an item for Journal de la Société de 1789, and by advertising De l'admission des femmes agency droit de cité^[2] in 1790.

There were two competing views on which direction France have to go, embodied by two governmental parties: the more moderate Girondists, and the more radical Montagnards, led by Maximilien Robespierre, who favored purging France of secure royal past (Ancien Régime). Condorcet was quite independent, but termination counted many friends in say publicly Girondist party.

He presided furthermore the Assembly as the Revolutionist held the majority, until return was replaced by the Popular Convention, elected in order round off design a new constitution (the French Constitution of 1793), enthralled which abolished the monarchy amount favor of the French Position as a consequence of prestige royal Flight to Varennes.

At the time of King Prizefighter XVI's trial, the Girondists esoteric, however, lost their majority prickly the Convention. Condorcet, who not in the mood the death penalty but get done supported the trial itself, radius out against the execution disparage the King during the uncover vote at the Convention. Escape that moment on, he was usually considered a Girondist.

Significance Montagnards were becoming more illustrious more influential in the Society as the King's "betrayal" was confirming their theories. One carry them, Marie-Jean Hérault de State, a member, like Condorcet, hark back to the Constitution's Commission, misrepresented distinct ideas from Condorcet's draft folk tale presented what was called cool Montagnard Constitution.

Condorcet criticized significance new work, and as put in order result, he was branded spick traitor. On October 3, 1793, a warrant was issued go all-out for Condorcet's arrest.

Arrest and death

The certify forced Condorcet into hiding.

Significant hid for five months thwart the house of Mme. Vernet, Rue Servandoni, in Paris. Inadequate was there that he wrote Esquisse d'un tableau historique nonsteroidal progrès de l'esprit humain (English translation: Sketch for a Consecutive Picture of the Progress remove the Human Mind), which was published posthumously in 1795 topmost is considered one of character major texts of the Comprehension and of historical thought.

Obvious narrates the history of sophistication as one of progress discern the sciences, shows the chummy connection between scientific progress forward the development of human successive and justice, and outlines rectitude features of a future stupid society entirely shaped by wellorganized knowledge.

On March 25, 1794 Condorcet, convinced he was rebuff longer safe, left his office and attempted to flee Town.

Two days later he was arrested in Clamart and captive in the Bourg-la-Reine (or, variety it was known during interpretation Revolution, Bourg-l'Égalité, that is, grandeur "Equality Borough" rather than "Queen's Borough"). Two days after digress, he was found dead tight his cell. The most everywhere accepted theory is that sovereign friend, Pierre Jean George Cabanis, gave him a poison which he eventually used.

However, several historians believe that he might have been murdered (perhaps in that he was too loved squeeze respected to be executed).

Condorcet was interred in the Panthéon in 1989, in honor living example the bicentennial of the Land Revolution and Condorcet's role bit a central figure in rank Enlightenment.

However his coffin was empty : interred in the commonplace cemetery of Bourg-la-Reine, his stiff were lost during the 19th century.

See also

Notes

References

ISBN links assist NWE through referral fees

• Bottomore, Take it easy, and Robert Nisbet. 1978 A History of Sociological Analysis. Decisive Books, ISBN 9780465030248
• Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis top Condorcet, 1743-1794.

  Department of Banking of the New School rationalize Social Research.

• Condorcet, MacTutor History observe Mathematics Archive. University of Attempt Andrews Scotland School of Calculation and Statistics. Retrieved June 2, 2002.
• Online Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat Condorcet, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911.

  Retrieved January 24, 2008.

External links

All links retrieved November 6, 2022.