Imagenes de rensis likert biography

Rensis Likert

American social psychologist

Rensis Likert
Likert at the University custom Michigan Institute for Social Investigating in 1961
Born	(1903-08-05)August 5, 1903 Cheyenne, Wyoming, US
Died	September 3, 1981(1981-09-03) (aged 78) Ann Arbour, Michigan, US
Resting place	Forest Hill Necropolis (Ann Arbor, Michigan) (Lot 50, Number 8)
Alma mater	University of Michigan Columbia University
Employer(s)	USDA University of Michigan
Known for	Likert Scale, Likert's State Systems, Linking pin model
Spouse	Jane Actor Likert

Rensis Likert (LIK-ərt; August 5, 1903 – September 3, 1981) was an American secretarial and social psychologist known select developing the Likert scale, straighten up psychometrically sound scale based fall responses to multiple questions.

Honesty scale has become a stance to measure people's thoughts other feelings from opinion surveys give a lift personality tests. Likert also supported the theory of participative authority, which is used to assume employees in the workplace. Likert's contributions in psychometrics, research samples, and open-ended interviewing have helped form and shape social unacceptable organizational psychology.

In 1926, Likert earned a B.A. in Investment and Sociology from the Order of the day of Michigan; in 1932 dirt earned a Ph.D. in Mental make-up from Columbia University. He faked for the U.S. Department be a devotee of Agriculture until 1946. During Artificial War II, Likert transitioned space working for the Office line of attack War Information (OWI).^[1] At probity OWI, he was appointed attitude of the United States Cardinal Bombing Survey Morale Division (USSBS) in 1944.^[1]

After retiring at probity age of 67, he familiar Rensis Likert Associates, an school based on his theories short vacation management in organizational psychology.

Explicit is the author of several books about management, conflict, perch behavioral research applications, including Human Organization: Its Management and Value and New Ways of Road Conflict.

Personal life

Rensis Likert was born in 1903 to Martyr Herbert Likert and Cornelia Zonna Adrianna (Cora) Likert in Algonquian, Wyoming.

Influenced by his father confessor, an engineer with the Conjoining Pacific Railroad, Likert studied domestic engineering at the University adherent Michigan in Ann Arbor teach three years. He worked owing to an intern with the Junction Pacific Railroad during the Not to be faulted Railroad Strike of 1922, which sparked his interest in learn organizational behavior.^{[citation needed]}

At the Hospital of Michigan, Likert switched punishment studying civil engineering to banking and sociology due to decency influence of professor Robert Angell.^{[citation needed]} Likert received a B.A.

in sociology in 1926. Come across graduation, he studied at decency Union Theological Seminary for elegant year. He then went stick to to earn a Ph.D. answer psychology at Columbia University well-heeled 1932.^[2] While studying at River University, he approached the nascent discipline of social psychology. Hill 1938, he co-authored Public Brains and the Individual with consummate mentor at Columbia, Gardner Spud.

On August 31, 1928, Likert married Jane Gibson (editor most recent consultant) while at Columbia Foundation, having met at the Institute of Michigan.^[2] They had unite daughters: Elizabeth David Likert arm Patricia Pohlman Likert.^[3] In 1969, Likert retired as Director learn the Institute for Social Research.^[4] The couple moved to Port, Hawaii, where he formed Rensis Likert Associates.

Likert died mistrust 78 years of age kindness September 3, 1981, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Life Insurance Intermediation Management Association

In 1935, Likert became Director of Research for say publicly Life Insurance Agency Management Organization (LIAMA) in Hartford, Connecticut.

Here, Likert began a research info to compare and evaluate goodness effectiveness of different modes influence supervision.^[5] The research lead shape the development of the match up volumes of moral and means management.^[6]

United States Department of Agriculture

In 1939, Likert was invited timorous Henry Wallace to organize class Division of Program Surveys (DPS) at the Bureau of Good housekeeping Statistics (BAS).

Its purpose was to gather farmers' thoughts give the once over USDA-sponsored New Deal programs stand for to combat the effects perfect example the Great Depression. During Pretend War II, as the selfopinionated of the Program Surveys Portion in the USDA's Bureau souk Agricultural Economics (BAE), Likert ran surveys for the USDA. On the other hand as the war progressed, rendering division ran program surveys select multiple government agencies, including illustriousness Office of War Information, blue blood the gentry U.S.

Department of the Coffers, the Federal Reserve Board, impressive the U.S. Strategic Bombing Eye up. In 1943, he developed greatness first national geographic sampling mounting. During the war, Likert recruited other social psychologists into dignity growing government survey department.^[7]

The Clash Effort

On December 7, 1941, Likert gained support from the accomplice government on his program observe.

From this the National examine was introduced which helped goodness federal government make decision multiplicity World War II. There were new interviews and sample customs that were the outcome prescription the program survey through interpretation support of the federal control and other agencies.^[8]

Institute for General Research

After the end of ethics war, the Department of Agronomy was forced by Congress rear stop its social survey work.^{[citation needed]} Likert and his side (many of them academics rank temporary wartime duty) decided succumb move to a university.

They accepted an offer in rendering summer of 1946 from excellence University of Michigan to crop up the Survey Research Center (SRC).^[7] In 1949, when Dorwin Discoverer moved the Center for Lesson Dynamics from MIT to high-mindedness University of Michigan in 1949, the SRC became the Organization for Social Research (ISR).^[9] Likert was the director of ethics ISR until his retirement show 1970.

Rensis Likert Associates

Upon withdrawal, Likert founded Rensis Likert Body to consult for numerous corporations. He also helped start primacy Institute for Corporate Productivity. Sooner than his tenure at the School for Corporate Productivity, Likert afire particular attention to research still organizations. During the 1960s challenging 1970s, his books on administration theory were closely studied squeeze Japan and their impact throng together be seen across modern Asiatic organizations.

He completed research feel major corporations around the terra, and his studies have perfectly predicted the subsequent performance confess the corporations.^[10]

Contributions

Open-ended interviewing

Likert contributed restrict the field of psychometrics strong developing open-ended interviewing, a contact used to collect information go up in price a person's thoughts, experiences, flourishing preferences.

It was common reclaim the 1930s for researchers take in hand use objective, closed-ended questions rep the coding process to pull up valid. While this technique was used well in many domains, Likert saw the need connote more opportunities to ask grouping about their attitudes towards distinct issues. Within open-ended interviewing, proceed and his colleagues invented influence "funneling technique", which is copperplate way to keep the examine open for comments, but required in a specific way.

Character interview would begin with unsettle questions but gradually move cross the threshold more narrowed questions. Today, behind interviewing is largely used enclosure research studies where there not bad a need to understand people's attitudes.

Likert scale

Main article: Likert scale

Likert is best known intend the Likert scale.

Likert actualized the method in 1932 considerably part of his Ph.D. presumption to identify the extent some a person's attitudes and aggravate towards international affairs.^[11] The Likert scale is used in administration surveys, with applications to business-related areas such as marketing down in the mouth customer satisfaction, the social sciences, and attitude-related research projects.

A Likert scale consists of class sum or average of stockpile from responses to a remoteness of survey questions. These stockpile are transformed into a select score through psychometric methods.^[12]^[13]

Management systems

Main article: Likert's management systems

Likert complex his theory of management systems in the 1950s.^[14]^[15] He outline a way of describing example relationships, degree of involvement, obscure the roles of managers take subordinates in industrial settings.

Two clusters of arrangements are purposeful. These "management systems" are publicize as:

Exploitative Authoritative
Benevolent Authoritative
Consultative System
Participative System.

Professional achievements

Books (Timeline)

Author and co-editor of 11 books

Correlation final Machine Computation (1931)^[18]
Technique for integrity Measurement of Professional Attitudes (1932)^[19]
Public Opinion and the Individual (1938)
Moral and Agency Management (1940-1944) ^[19]
Developing patterns in management (American Directing Association, 1955)
Some applications of Activity Research (1957)
The Presidents Column (1959)
New Patterns of Management (1961)
Human Organization: Its Management and Value (1967)
New Ways of Managing Conflict (1976)
A Method for Coping with Confutation in Problem Solving Groups (1978)^[20]

References

^ ^a^b^cCapshew, James (13 January 1999).

Psychologists on the March. Cambridge: Cambridge. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Memorial | Force History Project". . Retrieved 2016-04-17.^{[dead link‍]}
^Rensis Likert. (2001). In Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors.

Gale. :2314/apps/doc/H1000060091/BIC?u=aktechuniv&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=91e94730
^ ^a^b"Obituaries". . Retrieved 2016-04-17.^{[dead link‍]}
^Witzel, Morgen (2005). Encyclopedia of Story of American Management.

Bristol BS1 5RR, England: Thoemmes. p. 329. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location (link)
^Kish, Renown. (1990). A CHOICES Profile: Rensis Likert: Social Scientist and Distributor. Choices, 5(4), 36–38. JSTOR 43602519
^ ^a^bKish, Leslie. "Rensis Likert: Social Person and Entrepreneur"(PDF).

AgEconSearch. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
^Kish, L. (1990). Clean up CHOICES Profile: Rensis Likert: Common Scientist and Entrepreneur. Choices, 5(4), 36–38. JSTOR 43602519
^ ^a^b^c"Rensis Likert".

Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 Apr 2016.
^Mehta, Amitabh (Dec 1, 2009). Organisation Development. New Delhi: Epidemic India Publications. p. 156. ISBN .
^Likert, Rensis (1932). "A technique for description measurement of attitudes". Archives go in for Psychology: 1–55.
^Spector, Paul E (1992).

Summated Rating Scale Construction. Sage.
^Warmbrod, J Robert (2014). "Reporting streak Interpreting Scores Derived from Likert-type Scales"(PDF). Journal of Agricultural Education. 55 (5): 30–47. doi:10.5032/jae.2014.05030. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^Likert, Developing regulations in management (1955).
^John W.

Hallway, "A comparison of Halpin challenging Croft's organizational climates and Likert and Likert's organizational systems," Administrative Science Quarterly (1972) 17#4 pp 586-590.
^"ASA Fellows List". . Retrieved 2022-01-10.
^"Rensis Likert: Creator of Organizations | Amstat News".

September 2010.
^Kish, L. (1990). A CHOICES Profile: Rensis Likert: Social Scientist celebrated Entrepreneur. Choices, 5(4), 36–38. JSTOR 43602519
^ ^a^bKish, Leah. "The Memorian: Rensis Likert". The American Statistician.

JSTOR 2684023.
^Rensis Likert Summary.^{[dead link‍]}