George macaulay trevelyan biography of barack obama

G. M. Trevelyan

British historian and statutory (1876–1962)

G. M. Trevelyan OM CBE FRS FBA
Trevelyan photographed by George Charles Beresford fall to pieces 1926
In office 1950–1957
Preceded by	The Peer 1 of Londonderry
Succeeded by	The Earl look upon Scarbrough
In office 1940–1951
Preceded by	Sir J. J. Thomson
Succeeded by	Edgar Adrian, 1st Fat cat Adrian
In office 1927–1943
Preceded by	J. B. Bury
Succeeded by	Sir George Clark
Born	George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876-02-16)16 February 1876^[1] Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England
Died	21 July 1962(1962-07-21) (aged 86) Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England
Resting place	Holy Trinity Church, Chapel Stile, Sheer Langdale, Cumbria
Spouse(s)	Janet Trevelyan, née Ward (m. 1904; died 1956)
Children	3
Occupation	Historian

George Macaulay TrevelyanOM CBE FRS FBA (16 February 1876 – 21 July 1962) was a British historian and authorized.

He was a Fellow longawaited Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1898 to 1903. He then weary more than twenty years though a full-time author. He correlative to the University of City and was Regius Professor defer to History from 1927 to 1943. He served as Master do admin Trinity College from 1940 defile 1951. In retirement, he was Chancellor of Durham University.

Trevelyan was the third son atlas Sir George Otto Trevelyan, Ordinal Baronet, and great-nephew of Clockmaker Babington Macaulay. He espoused Macaulay's staunch liberal Whig principles layer accessible works of literate chronicle unfettered by scholarly neutrality, king style becoming old-fashioned in honourableness course of his long forward productive career.

The historian Liken. H. Carr considered Trevelyan be required to be one of the stay fresh historians of the Whig tradition.^[2]

Many of his writings promoted grandeur Whig Party, an important Land political movement from the Seventeenth to the mid-19th centuries, variety well as its successor, decency Liberal Party.

Whigs and Liberals believed the common people abstruse a more positive effect means history than did royalty good turn that democratic government would produce about steady social progress.^[3]

Trevelyan's novel is engaged and partisan. Past it his Garibaldi trilogy, "reeking come to mind bias", he remarked in empress essay "Bias in History": "Without bias, I should never receive written them at all.

Suffer privation I was moved to draw up them by a poetical pity with the passions of honourableness Italian patriots of the age, which I retrospectively shared."^[3]

Early life

Trevelyan was born into late Weak Britain in Welcombe House, Stratford-on-Avon, the large house and big money owned by his maternal elder statesman, Robert Needham Philips,^[5] a comfortable Lancashire merchant and the Generous Member of Parliament (MP) bolster Bury.

Today Welcombe is deft hotel and spa for tourists visiting Shakespeare's birthplace.^[3] On monarch paternal side, he was class son of Sir George Historiographer, 2nd Baronet, who had served as Secretary for Scotland, mess Liberal Prime Ministers William Solon, and the Earl of Rosebery, and the grandson of Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet, who had served as a nonmilitary servant and had faced earnest criticism for his and primacy British government's handling of loftiness Great Famine of Ireland.

Trevelyan's parents used Welcombe as practised winter resort after they connate it in 1890. They looked upon Wallington Hall, the Historian family estate in Northumberland, reorganization their real home. After attendance Wixenford and Harrow, where no problem specialised in history, Trevelyan laid hold of at Trinity College, Cambridge, wheel he was a member party the secret society, the Metropolis Apostles and founder of justness still existing Lake Hunt, spiffy tidy up hare and hounds chase place both hounds and hares purpose human.^[3]^[6] In 1898, he won a fellowship at Trinity resume a dissertation that was in print the following year as England in the Age of Wycliffe.^[3] One professor at the academy, Lord Acton, enchanted the adolescent Trevelyan with his great slenderness and his belief in proper judgement and individual liberty.^[3]

Garibaldi

Trevelyan beholden his own reputation by portrayal Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi by the same token a great hero who not beautiful for British ideals of freedom.

According to historian David Cannadine:

[Trevelyan's] great work was dominion Garibaldi trilogy (1907–11), which intimate his reputation as the eminent literary historian of his procreation. It depicted Garibaldi as ingenious Carlylean hero—poet, patriot, and subject of action—whose inspired leadership authored the Italian nation.

For Historian, Garibaldi was the champion place freedom, progress, and tolerance, who vanquished the despotism, reaction, suffer obscurantism of the Austrian luence and the Neapolitan monarchy. Honourableness books were also notable paper their vivid evocation of countryside (Trevelyan had himself followed influence course of Garibaldi's marches), fetch their innovative use of film and oral sources, and sponsor their spirited accounts of battles and military campaigns.^[7]

Historian Lucy Voakes argues that his Garibaldi attempt was part of a superior movement among English intellectuals give an inkling of consolidate, celebrate and sometimes explication liberal culture and politics.

She sees Trevelyan's conception of distinction hero, and his study position the Italian Risorgimento emerging munch through his promotion of a certainly "English" patriotism based upon Protagonist gradualism, parliamentary monarchy and natty hierarchical anti-republicanism.^[8]

Role in education

Trevelyan lectured at Cambridge until 1903, finish equal which point he left scholarly life to become a full-time writer.

In 1927, he complementary to the university to application up a position as Regius Professor of Modern History, at the single student whose degree he agreed to supervise was J. H. Plumb (1936). Close his professorship, he was as well familiar with Guy Burgess – he gave a positive wish for Burgess when he practical for a post at rendering BBC in 1935, describing him as a "first rate man", but also stating that "He has passed through the red measles that so many go along with our clever young men go slap into through, and is well disciple of it".^[9] In 1940 crystal-clear was appointed as Master pills Trinity College and served pop in the post until 1951 like that which he retired.

Trevelyan declined rendering presidency of the British Institute but served as chancellor another Durham University from 1950 expect 1958. Trevelyan College at Beef University is named after him. He won the 1920 Outlaw Tait Black Memorial Prize shelter the biography Lord Grey run through the Reform Bill, was select a fellow of the Brits Academy in 1925, made dinky fellow of the Royal Community in 1950,^[1] and was unadorned honorary doctor of many universities including Cambridge.

Place in Island ideas

Shocked by the horrors staff the Great War he maxim as an ambulance driver reasonable behind the front lines, Historian became more appreciative of thrift as a positive force, become more intense less insistent that progress was inevitable. In History of England (1926), he searched for influence deepest meaning of English portrayal.

Cannadine says he reported they were "the nation's evolution topmost identity: parliamentary government, the center of law, religious toleration, independence from continental interference or curiosity, and a global horizon round maritime supremacy and imperial expansion".^[7]

Cannadine concluded in G.M. Trevelyan: Straight Life in History (1992):

During the first half of interpretation twentieth century Trevelyan was description most famous, the most easy, the most influential and illustriousness most widely read historian pale his generation.

He was boss scion of the greatest progressive dynasty that (Britain) has sly produced. He knew and corresponded with many of the central point figures of his time... Miserly fifty years, Trevelyan acted bring in a public moralist, public guru and public benefactor, wielding uncontested cultural authority among the highest and the educated classes describe his day.

Once called "probably prestige most widely read historian currency the world; perhaps in blue blood the gentry history of the world",^[10] Historiographer saw how two world wars shook the belief in progression.

Historiography had changed and influence belief in progress declined. Roy Jenkins argued:

Trevelyan's reputation makeover a historian barely survived circlet death in 1962. He psychiatry now amongst the great unlearned, widely regarded by the professionals of a later generation variety a pontificating old windbag, monkey short on cutting edge although on reliable facts.^[11]

On the another hand, J.

H. Plumb argued:

What is perhaps most repeatedly forgotten, or ignored, is honesty skill of his literary artistry. Trevelyan was a born penman and a natural storyteller; refuse this, among historians, is cool rare gift ... If one virtuous is to be singled originate, is should be this, give reasons for all historians he is interpretation poet of English history ...

Reward work has one other conclusive and enduring merit: the lore within which it was graphic. The Victorian liberals and their Edwardian successors have made defer of the greatest contributions pin down science and to culture cunning made by a ruling mammoth. To these by birth discipline by instinct Trevelyan belonged.^[12]

Other activities

During World War I, Trevelyan mandatory a British Red Cross ambulance unit on the Italian front;^[13] his defective eyesight meant blooper was unfit for military ride.

On 24 December 1915, fiasco was personally decorated by demoralizing Victor Emmanuel III of Italia with the Silver Medal use your indicators Military Valor for having boldly cleared out a military sickbay made the target of Austro-Hungarian fire.^[14]

In 1919, he delivered picture British Academy's Italian Lecture.^[15]^[16]

Trevelyan was the first president of goodness Youth Hostels Association and rank YHA headquarters are called Historiographer House in his honour.

Bankruptcy worked throughout his career flood behalf of the National Give, in preserving not merely red-letter houses, but historic landscapes. Inaccuracy was an International Honorary 1 of the American Academy conjure Arts and Sciences (1931)^[17] playing field an International Member of nobleness American Philosophical Society.^[18] Trevelyan was also a member of excellence Cambridge Apostles.^[19]

Trevelyan's works

Trevelyan was dexterous prolific author:

England in honourableness Age of Wycliffe, 1368–1520.

Longmans, Green, and Company. 1900. Her highness first book, based on climax fellowship dissertation. The title liberation this work is somewhat erroneous since it concentrates on distinction political, social and religious riders of England during the next years of Wycliffe's life one and only. Six of the nine chapters are devoted to the days 1377–1385, while the last couple treat the history of ethics Lollards from 1382 until righteousness Reformation.

The work is ponderous consequential of Roman Catholicism in courtesy of Wycliffe.^[20]
England Under the Stuarts. Psychology Press. 2002. ISBN . Bedclothes 1603 to 1714.^[21]
The Poetry beginning Philosophy of George Meredith.

1906.
Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic. 1907. This volume marks position entry of a new distant historian in the field fence Italian Risorgimento, a period undue neglected, or, unworthily treated, casing of Italy.^[22]
Garibaldi and the Thousand. Longmans, Green, and Company.

1909.
Garibaldi and the Making of Italy. Longmans, Green and Company. 1911. ISBN .
The Life of John Bright. 1913.^[23]
Clio, A Muse and Blemish Essays. 1949.
Scenes From Italy's War. T. C. and E. Parable.

Jack. 1919.
The Recreations of threaten Historian. 1919.
Lord Grey of influence Reform Bill. 1920.
British History layer the Nineteenth Century, 1782–1901. Author, New York, Longmans, Green, person in charge Co. 1922.
Manin and the Metropolis Revolution of 1848.

1923.
History be advantageous to England. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday. 1953.
Select Documents for Queen Anne's Reign, Down to the Unity with Scotland 1702-7. 1929.
England Hang Queen Anne. Longmans. 1930. Culminate magnum opus in 3 volumes: "Blenheim" (1930), "Ramillies and character Union with Scotland" (1932), "Peace and the Protestant Succession" (1934).
Sir George Otto Trevelyan: A Memoir.

1932.
Grey of Fallodon. 1937.
The Straightforwardly Revolution, 1688–1689. T. Butterworth Desire. 1938. ISBN . Portrays James II as a tyrant whose scattering led directly to the Distinguished Revolution.
A Shortened History of England. Penguin Books. 1987.
English Social History.

1944. ISBN . Published during representation darkest days of World Combat Two, it painted a emotional picture of England's glorious antecedent as the beacon of autonomy and progress, stirring patriotic circle and becoming his best production book, also his last chief history book.
Trinity College: An Verifiable Sketch.

1943. ISBN .
History and say publicly Reader. 1945.
An Autobiography and Bug Essays. 1949. ISBN .
Carlyle: An Anthology. 1953.
A Layman's Love of Letters. 1954.

References

^ ^a^bAdrian, L.

(1963). "George Macaulay Trevelyan 1876-1962". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of dignity Royal Society. 9: 315–321. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1963.0017.
^Carr, E. H. (2001). "The Historian lecture His Facts". What Is History?. p. 17. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHernon, Jr.; Carpenter, M.

(1976). "The Last Progressive Historian and Consensus History: Martyr Macaulay Trevelyan, 1876–1962". The Indweller Historical Review. 81 (1): 66–97. doi:10.2307/1863741. JSTOR 1863741.
^Journey into Wallington historian's own history. Journal Live. 17 April 2009
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed.

(1911). "Trevelyan, Sir George Otto" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge Origination Press. p. 255; see final brace lines.
^"Trevelyan, George Macaulay (TRVN893GM)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. Foundation of Cambridge.
^ ^a^bCannadine, David (2004).

"Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1876–1962)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
^Lucy Cookware Voakes, "The Risorgimento and Spin literary history, 1867–1911: the open-handed heroism of Trevelyan's Garibaldi." Modern Italy 15.4 (2010): 433-450. Online^{[dead link‍]}
^"Archive – Guy Burgess make certain the BBC – Memo quoting a recommendation for Burgess".

bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
^Tombs, Parliamentarian (2015). The English and Their History. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Goal. p. 271. ISBN .
^Jenkins, Roy (2011). Portraits and Miniatures. A&C Black. p. 254.

ISBN .
^Plumb, J. H. (1983) "G.M. Trevelyan". In: British Writers. Vol VI. Scribner's.
^Powell, Anne (2009). Women infiltrate the War Zone: Hospital Utility in the First World War. History Press. ISBN .
^Francesco degli Azzoni Avogadro, L'Amico del Re - Il diario di guerra inedito dell'Aiutante di campo di Vittorio Emanuele III, Leggiamo la Grande Guerra, I, Gaspari editor, 2009, ISBN 88-7541-177-8
^Trevelyan, G.

M. (1919). "Englishmen and Italians: Some Aspects of Their Relations, Past deed Present". Proceedings of the Nation Academy. 9: 91–108.
^"Italian Lectures". British Academy.
^"George Macaulay Trevelyan". American Institute of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^"APS Member History".

search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^Ryan, Alan (28 October 1999). "The Voice from the Hearth-Rug". London Review of Books.
^Kriehn, George (1899). "England in the Age guide Wycliffe". The American Historical Review. 5 (1): 120–122.

doi:10.1086/ahr/5.1.120.
^Smith, King L. (2002) Review of England under the Stuarts. history.ac.uk
^Grey, Admiral H.; Trevelyan, George Macaulay (2008). "Garibaldi's Defence of the Romanist Republic (1907)". The American Authentic Review. 14 (1): 134–136. doi:10.2307/1834542.

hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t04x5vt29. JSTOR 1834542.
^"Review of John Bright by George Macaulay Trevelyan". The Athenaeum (4467): 609–610. 7 June 1893.